Engine oil also known as motor oil in most repairers are lubricants for engine components that use internal combustion system (internal combustion engine). Almost all of this type of engine components using metal or alloy that would do a lot of movement when the engine is running.
 |
| motor_oil |
The movement of these components will result in high pressure and heat due to friction. Friction would cause wear on components and this is where the engine oil plays a role - as a lubricant.
Engine oil also helped to bring the engine cooling heat absorbed much of the movement (the engine oil is used in rotation - up and down). This will enhance the effectiveness of the engine cooling system which is dominated by the radiator and the air flow in the engine room. In addition, the engine oil is also able to prevent internal engine corrosion.
Engine oil is produced from petroleum chemical compounds and chemical synthesis of non-petroleum fuel that contains a percentage - a high carbon and hydrogen. But oil is also modified by mixing other materials such as esters and additives (additives) to improve the performance of the engine oil.
ENGINE OIL PROPERTIES
Most engine oils made from molecular weight hydrocarbons from crude oil extracted from the seabed. Normal engine oil contains hydrocarbons with 18-34 carbon atoms per molecule. Carbon content per high molecular causes high viscosity engine oil. And as we already know, the ability to maintain a lubricating layer between the moving engine components are the main functions of engine oil.
Viscosity (viscosity) refers to the ability to flow (a measure of its resistance to flow) and may use the terms "thick" and "thin", which respectively refer to the more difficult to flow and the easier flow. The viscosity of the engine oil must be high to maintain lubrication layer but at the same time thin enough to flow to all parts of the engine under all conditions (hot cold ata).
The viscosity of engine oil can be checked through Viscosity Index (viscosity index), which measures the extent to which the engine oil viscosity changes with temperature. High viscosity index indicates that the engine oil viscosity changes very little with temperature than a lower viscosity index. The engine oil should be flowing very well at low temperatures in order to minimize friction between metal to metal when the engine is turned on.
TYPE OF ENGINE OIL
There are 5 types of engine oils are commonly used:
Minerals (Regular): 100% petroleum products that have undergone the process of fractional distillation (Fractional distillation process). Still have carbon reactive (reactive carbon) that is capable to react with oxygen to form acids. (Price: Low)
Semi-synthetic / Synthetic Blend (Premium): A mixture of 75% mineral and 25% synthetic. (Price: Medium)
Synthetic: Derived from petroleum products such as mineral oil but only use the best materials (pure) in the process of fractional distillation of polyalphaolifins. Do not have a reactive carbon. Also added to the Diester synthetic work to clean carbon (combustion). Engines usually cleaner. (Price: Expensive)
Pure synthetic: fully synthetic oil produced from polyalkyleneglycol is widely used as a lubricant for the gearbox (gearbox).
Bio-based: Starting around 1996, this type of engine oil is produced entirely using oils from plants such as corn oil and palm oil. More environmentally friendly, but not yet fully commercialized. (Price: Not sure)
STANDARD OIL ENGINES (STANDARD MOTOR OIL)
API (http://www.api.org/) - AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
API is a body informed about quality of engine oil to give a specific category such as SM, SL, SJ and SH. S refer to the SERVICE category and letter then refers to the current rating. Most recently, SN were included in this list, see: http://www.carbibles.com/engineoil_bible.html
Gasoline Engine
Gasoline Engines
|
||
Status
|
Service
|
|
SM
|
Current
|
For all automotive engines
presently in use. Introduced November 30, 2004. SM oils are designed to
provide improved oxidation resistence, improved deposit protection, better
wear protection, and better low-temperature performance over the life of the
oil. Some SM oils may also meet the latest ILSAC specification and/or qualify
as Energy Conserving.
|
SL
|
Current
|
For 2004 and older automotive
engines.
|
SJ
|
Current
|
For 2001 and older automotive
engines.
|
SH
|
Obsolete
|
For 1996 and older engines. Valid
when preceded by current C categories.
|
SG
|
Obsolete
|
For 1993 and older engines.
|
Diesel engine
Diesel Engines
|
||
Category
|
Status
|
Service
|
CI-4
|
Current
|
Introduced September 5, 2002. For
high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 2004 exhaust emission
standards implemented in 2002. CI-4 oils are formulated to sustain engine
durability where exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used and are intended for
use with diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 0.5% weight. Can be
used in place of CD, CE, CF-4, CG-4, and CH-4 oils.
|
CH-4
|
Current
|
Introduced in 1998. For
high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 1998 exhaust emission
standards. CH-4 oils are specifically compounded for use with diesel fuels
ranging in sulfur content up to 0.5% weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE,
CF-4, and CG-4 oils.
|
CG-4
|
Current
|
Introduced in 1995. For severe
duty, high speed, four-stroke engines using fuel with less than 0.5% weight
sulfur. CG-4 oils are required for engines meeting 1994 emission standards.
Can be used in place of CD, CE, and CF-4 oils.
|
CF-4
|
Current
|
Introduced in 1990. For
high-speed, four-stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be
used in place of CD and CE oils.
|
CF-2
|
Current
|
Introduced in 1994. For severe
duty, two-stroke cycle engines. Can be used in place of CD-II oils.
|
CF
|
Current
|
Introduced in 1994. For off-road,
indirect injected and other diesel engines including those using fuel with
over 0.5% weight sulfur. Can be used in place of CD oils.
|
CE
|
Obsolete
|
Introduced in 1987. For
high-speed, four-stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be
used in place of CC and CD oils.
|
The letter C is used to show categories to Commercial. Most recently, the CJ-4, which is also used for heavy vehicles has been included in this list.
ACEA : European Automobile Manufacturers Association (French: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles)
ACEA specifications are (A for petrol, B for diesel):
A1 - Petrol Fuel Economy *
A2 - Standard performance level
A3 - High performance and / or extended drain
A5 - Fuel economy petrol with extended drain capability *
B1 - Diesel Fuel Economy *
B2 - Standard performance level (now obsolete)
B3 - High performance and / or extended drain
B4 - For direct injection passenger car diesel engines
B5 - Fuel economy diesel with extended drain capability *
* Not suitable for all types of engines. Please refer to the manual of the vehicle.
Mineral oils:
E1 - Non-turbo charged diesel light duty
E2 - Standard performance level
E3 - High performance extended drain
E5 (1999) - High performance / long drain plus American / API performances.
E7 - Euro 4 engines - exhaust after treatment (EGR / SCR)
Part / full synthetic oils:
E4 - Higher performance and longer extended drain
E6 - Euro 4 specification - for vehicles with low SAPS PDF (see below)
New Low SAPS (Sulphated Ash, Phosphorous, Sulphur)
Rating SAPS refers to the type of diesel engine oil using DPF (diesel particulate filter).
C1 - Low SAPS (0.5% ash) fuel efficient
C2 - Mid SAPS (0.8% ash) fuel efficient, performance
C3 - Mid SAPS (0.8% ash)
SAE (http://www.sae.org) - SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS
Top 89 Search SAE J300 there - Refer here: http://standards.sae.org/fuels-energy-sources/lubricants/standards/current/
 |
| sae_logo |
Jaso (http://www.jalos.or.jp/onfile/jaso.htm): Japanese Automotive Standards Organisation - Standard for performance and quatiti standards for petrol engines of Japanese.
GRADE OIL
Lubricating oil to an engine vehicles are divided into two categories, namely 'single grade' (single grade) and "multi-grade" (various grades). Lubricants single grade 'is the lubricant viscosity has only one single (either cold or hot).
Prices lubricant type is cheaper than oil lubricants 'multigrade' and is usually used for vehicle / heavy equipment and engine endurance or for light vehicles that have aged. rates viscosity SAE 40 is very popular sold in the market today.
While lubricant type 'multigrade' also means, of a lubricant with a low viscosity, which can vary from more liquid during cold temperatures to more concentrated when temperatures heat up.
Cost of production of lubricants 'multigrade' is higher than the lubricant type 'monograde' earlier. Often, lubricants 'multigrade' can be identified from the label printed on the bottle / container lubricant.
Lubricants 'multigrade' is referenced by 2 rate viscosity. for example; SAE 10W / 30, SAE 15W / 50, SAE 20W / 50 and so on. Consonant W @ Wet Winter means that the rate of viscosity when the engine is cold temperature.
 |
| SAE |
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ):
Can the engine oil of different grades (Example: SAE 10W-40 with SAE 15W-50) combined? Or synthetic engine oil can be mixed with regular mineral oil?
The answer: Yes. But are advised to use the same type and grade each time. But if you use a mixture of oil for some reason, it is advisable also to change the whole oil in the earlier period than usual.
How long can survive if the engine oil is stored?
The answer: More than 3 years if stored at temperatures around 20 Celsius. If the engine oil is having symptoms such as changes in color (a bit Hazy), there is precipitation hardened, no visible lumps like jelly or "Milky" (mixed water) - the engine oil is not to be used.
When is the right time to change the engine oil?
Answer: Typically, car manufacturers recommend oil changes at 5000km, but depending on the car. Sekiranyanya you only use the car for short trips during the period (5000 km), the engine oil is still good and can still be used up to 8000 km. It's up to you. But for vehicles used for long journeys often, recommended engine oil change between 3000 km - 5000 km.
When is the right time to check the oil level?
The answer: When the vehicle is in a state of "cold" - usually in the morning before you start the engine. But if you are in a state of panic, the oil level can be checked after 30 minutes the engine is off.